Free Essays on John Dewey And Teaching Morals

John Dewey and Teaching Morals Webster defines philosophy as â€Å"the study of the principles underlying conduct, thought, and the nature of the universe† (Webster’s New World Dictionary and Thesaurus, Macmillian: New York, NY, 1999). Dewey understood the subject of philosophy to be the experience and its problems. For Dewey, the method of philosophy was in the assessment of experiences. It was not some metaphysical achievement of, or quest for, certainty. It does not have its origins in doubt nor does it presume to illuminate some eternal truth. This is in true keeping with his pragmatist attitude. Additionally, Dewey saw philosophy as empirical and critical, a step-by-step way of intelligently assessing experienced values, making judgmental conclusions about these values, and exploring the methodology of reaching those conclusions. It is easy to see why Dewey focused so much effort on attempting to analyze and explain the importance of education, including the moral principles of children. John Dewey’s Moral Principles in Education was an analysis of moral education in schools and society. For Dewey, the moral development of children and adults was a never ending process. Dewey allowed that every societal ill involving, seemingly, a lack of good judgment, had definite ties to the lack of ethical education in our society’s groups. Schools have always been expected to reinforce, supplement, sometimes even substitute for, the moral education children should acquire at home or church (Alan, 205). Dewey allowed that maybe the greatest misconception about moral education is the belief that it can be taught as a separate subject unrelated to all other subjects in the curriculum. By drilling and preaching, patterns of acceptable moral behavior will be blazoned in those kids subjected to these tactics. How funny the idea that a school might offer courses in Elementary Virtue, Intermediate Virtue, or Advanced Virt... Free Essays on John Dewey And Teaching Morals Free Essays on John Dewey And Teaching Morals John Dewey and Teaching Morals Webster defines philosophy as â€Å"the study of the principles underlying conduct, thought, and the nature of the universe† (Webster’s New World Dictionary and Thesaurus, Macmillian: New York, NY, 1999). Dewey understood the subject of philosophy to be the experience and its problems. For Dewey, the method of philosophy was in the assessment of experiences. It was not some metaphysical achievement of, or quest for, certainty. It does not have its origins in doubt nor does it presume to illuminate some eternal truth. This is in true keeping with his pragmatist attitude. Additionally, Dewey saw philosophy as empirical and critical, a step-by-step way of intelligently assessing experienced values, making judgmental conclusions about these values, and exploring the methodology of reaching those conclusions. It is easy to see why Dewey focused so much effort on attempting to analyze and explain the importance of education, including the moral principles of children. John Dewey’s Moral Principles in Education was an analysis of moral education in schools and society. For Dewey, the moral development of children and adults was a never ending process. Dewey allowed that every societal ill involving, seemingly, a lack of good judgment, had definite ties to the lack of ethical education in our society’s groups. Schools have always been expected to reinforce, supplement, sometimes even substitute for, the moral education children should acquire at home or church (Alan, 205). Dewey allowed that maybe the greatest misconception about moral education is the belief that it can be taught as a separate subject unrelated to all other subjects in the curriculum. By drilling and preaching, patterns of acceptable moral behavior will be blazoned in those kids subjected to these tactics. How funny the idea that a school might offer courses in Elementary Virtue, Intermediate Virtue, or Advanced Virt...

Cold War Timeline

Cold War Timeline The Cold War was fought in the aftermath of World War Two, from the collapse of the wartime alliance between the Anglo-American led Allies and the USSR to the collapse of the USSR itself, with the most common dates for these identified as 1945 to 1991. Of course, like most historical events, the seeds from which the war grew were planted much earlier, and this timeline starts with the creation of the world’s first Soviet nation in 1917. Pre-World War Two 1917   October: Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. 1918-1920   Unsuccessful Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War. 1919   March 15: Lenin creates the Communist International (Comintern) to promote international revolution. 1922   December 30: Creation of the USSR. 1933   United States begins diplomatic relations with USSR for the first time. World War Two 1939   August 23: Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (‘Non-Aggression Pact): Germany and Russia agree to divide Poland.   September: Germany and Russia invade Poland. 1940   June 15 – 16: USSR occupies Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania citing security concerns. 1941   June 22: Operation Barbarossa begins: the German invasion of Russia.   November: US begins lend-lease to USSR.   December 7: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor causing the US to enter the war.   December 15 – 18: Diplomatic mission to Russia reveals Stalin hopes to recover gains made in the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact. 1942   December 12: Soviet-Czech alliance agreed; Czechs agree to co-operate with the USSR after the war. 1943   February 1: Siege of Stalingrad by Germany ends with Soviet victory.   April 27: USSR breaks off relations with Polish government-in-exile over arguments about the Katyn Massacre.   May 15: Comintern is closed to appease Soviet allies.   July: Battle of Kursk ends with Soviet victory, arguably the turning point of the war in Europe.   November 28 – December 1: Tehran Conference: Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill meet. 1944   June 6: D-Day: Allied forces land successfully in France, opening a second front which liberates Western Europe before Russia needs to.   July 21: Having ‘liberated’ east Poland, Russia sets up the Committee of National Liberation in Lublin to govern it.   August 1 – October 2: Warsaw Uprising; Polish rebels attempt to overthrow Nazi rule in Warsaw; Red Army sits back and allows it to be crushed to destroy the rebels.   August 23: Romania signs armistice with Russia following their invasion; a coalition government is formed.   September 9: Communist coup in Bulgaria.   October 9 - 18: Moscow Conference. Churchill and Stalin agree percentage ‘spheres of influence’ in Eastern Europe.   December 3: Conflict between British and pro-Communist Greek forces in Greece. 1945   January 1: USSR ‘recognises’ their communist puppet government in Poland as the provisional government; US and UK refuse to do so, preferring the exiles in London.   February 4-12: Yalta summit between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin; promises are given to support democratically elected governments.   April 21: Agreements signed between newly ‘liberated’ communist Eastern nations and USSR to work together.   May 8: Germany surrenders; end of World War Two in Europe. Late 1940s 1945   March: Communist-dominated coup in Romania.   July-August: Potsdam Conference between US, UK, and USSR.   July 5: US and UK recognize communist-dominated Polish government after it allows some members of the Government-in-exile to join.   August 6: The US drops the first atomic bomb, on Hiroshima. 1946   February 22: George Kennan sends the Long Telegram advocating Containment.   March 5: Churchill gives his Iron Curtain Speech.   April 21: Social Unity Party formed in Germany on Stalin’s orders. 1947   January 1: Anglo-American Bizone formed in Berlin, angers USSR.   March 12: Truman Doctrine announced.   June 5: Marshall Plan aid program Announced.   October 5: Cominform Founded to organize international communism.   December 15: London Foreign Ministers’ Conference breaks up without agreement. 1948   February 22: Communist Coup in Czechoslovakia.   March 17: Brussels Pact Signed between UK, France, Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg to organize a mutual defense.   June 7: Six Power Conference recommends a West German Constituent Assembly.   June 18: New currency introduced in the Western Zones of Germany.   June 24: Berlin Blockade Begins. 1949   January 25: Comecon, Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, created to organize Eastern bloc economies.   April 4: North Atlantic Treaty signed: NATO formed.   May 12: Berlin Blockade lifted.   May 23: ‘Basic Law’ approved for Federal Republic of Germany (FRG): Bizone merges with French zone to form a new state.   May 30: People’s Congress approves German Democratic Republic Constitution in East Germany.   August 29: USSR detonates the first atomic bomb.   September 15: Adenauer becomes first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.   October: The Communist People’s Republic of China proclaimed.   October 12: German Democratic Republic (GDR) formed in East Germany. 1950s 1950   April 7: NSC-68 finalized in the US: advocates a more active, military, policy of containment and causes a large increase in defense spending.   June 25: Korean War begins.   October 24: Pleven Plan approved by France: rearmed West German soldiers to be part of a European Defence Community (EDC). 1951   April 18: European Coal and Steel Community Treaty signed (The Schuman Plan). 1952   March 10: Stalin proposes a united, but neutral, Germany; rejected by the West.   May 27: European Defence Community (EDC) treaty signed by Western nations. 1953   March 5: Stalin dies.   June 16-18: Unrest in the GDR, suppressed by Soviet troops.   July: Korean War ends. 1954   August 31: France rejects the EDC. 1955   May 5: FRG becomes a sovereign state; joins NATO.   May 14: Eastern Communist nations sign the  Warsaw Pact, a military alliance.   May 15: State Treaty between forces occupying Austria: they withdraw and make it a neutral state.   September 20: GDR recognized as a sovereign state by USSR. FRG announces the  Hallstein Doctrine  in response. 1956   February 25: Khrushchev begins  De-Stalinization  by attacking Stalin in a speech at 20th Party Congress.   June: Unrest in Poland.   October 23 – November 4: Hungarian Uprising crushed. 1957   March 25: Treaty of Rome signed, creating the European Economic Community with the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. 1958   November 10: Start of Second Berlin crisis: Khrushchev calls for a peace treaty with the two German states to settle borders and for Western nations to leave Berlin.   November 27: The Berlin Ultimatum issued by Khrushchev: Russia gives West six months to solve Berlin situation and withdraw their troops or it will hand East Berlin over to East Germany. 1959   January: Communist government under Fidel Castro set up in Cuba. 1960s 1960   May 1: USSR shoots down US U-2 spy plane over Russian territory.   May 16-17: Paris Summit closes after Russia pulls out over U-2 affair. 1961   August 12/13:  Berlin Wall  built as east-west borders closed in Berlin and GDR. 1962   October – November: The Cuban Missile Crisis brings the world to the brink of nuclear war. 1963   August 5: Test Ban treaty between UK, USSR, and US limits nuclear testing. France and China reject it and develop their own weapons. 1964   October 15: Khrushchev removed from power. 1965   February 15: The US begins bombing of Vietnam; by 1966 400,000 US troops are in the country. 1968   August 21-27: Crushing of Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia.   July 1: Non-Proliferation Treaty signed by UK, USSR, and US: agree not to assist non-signatories in gaining nuclear weapons. This treaty is the first evidence of  dà ©tente-era cooperation  during the Cold War.     November:  Brezhnev Doctrine  Outlined. 1969   September 28: Brandt becomes Chancellor of FRG, continues the policy of  Ostpolitik  developed from his position as Foreign Minister. 1970s 1970   Start of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between US and USSR.   August 12: USSR-FRG Moscow Treaty: both recognize each others territories and agree to only peaceful methods of border change.   December 7: Warsaw Treaty between FRG and Poland: both recognize each others territories, agree to only peaceful methods of border change and increased trade. 1971   September 3: Four Power Treaty on Berlin between US, UK, France and USSR over access from West Berlin to FRG and relation of West Berlin to FRG. 1972   May 1: SALT I treaty signed (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks).   December 21: Basic Treaty between FRG and GDR: FRG gives up Hallstein Doctrine, recognizes GDR as a sovereign state, both to have seats at UN. 1973   June: Prague Treaty between FRG and Czechoslovakia. 1974   July: SALT II negotiations begin. 1975   August 1: Helsinki Agreement/Accord/’Final Act’ signed between US, Canada and 33 European States including Russia: states the ‘inviolability’ of frontiers, gives principles for state peaceful interaction, co-operation in economics and science as well as humanitarian issues. 1976   Soviet SS-20 medium-range missiles stationed in Eastern Europe. 1979   June: SALT II treaty signed; never ratified by the US Senate.   December 27: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. 1980s 1980   December 13: Martial law in Poland to crush the Solidarity movement. 1981   January 20: Ronald Reagan becomes US President. 1982   June: Start of START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks) in Geneva. 1983   Pershing and Cruise missiles placed in West Europe.   March 23: Announcement of the US ‘Strategic Defense Initiative’ or ‘Star Wars’. 1985   March 12: Gorbachev becomes the leader of USSR. 1986   October 2: USSR-USA summit at Reykjavik. 1987   December: USSR-US summit as Washington: US and USSR agree to remove medium-range missiles from Europe. 1988   February: Soviet troops begin to pull out of Afghanistan.   July 6: In a speech to the UN, Gorbachev repudiates the  Brezhnev Doctrine, encourages free elections and ends the Arms Race, in practice ending the Cold War; democracies emerge across Eastern Europe.   December 8: INF Treaty, includes removal of medium-range missiles from Europe. 1989   March: Multi-candidate elections in the USSR.   June: Elections in Poland.   September: Hungary allows GDR ‘holidaymakers’ through the border with West.   November 9: Berlin Wall falls. 1990s 1990   August 12: GDR announces a desire to merge with FRG.   September 12: Two Plus Four treaty signed by FRG, GDR. US, UK, Russia, and France cancels remaining rights of former occupying powers in FRG.   October 3: German Reunification. 1991   July 1: START Treaty signed by US and USSR reducing nuclear weapons.   December 26: USSR dissolved.

Queering a film (Hotel Transylvania 2012) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Queering a film (Hotel Transylvania 2012) - Essay Example Firstly and most obviously, Doty discusses the means by which the word â€Å"queer† is â€Å"used as an attempt to account for the existence and expression of a wide range of positions within the cutlrue that are ‘queer’ or non-anti, or contra-straight† (Doty 3). In this way, the reader rapidly understands that rather than merely promoting a certain point of view, the use and inclusion of such a phrase as an overarching world view denotes as much of what is not as what is. For this reason rather than merely denoting that the queer lifestyle exists and is an alternative to the pervasive expressions of straightness that exist, both societally and culturally, this specific use of the term helps to engage the viewer with an understand of what specifically queer is not and how it attempts to differentiate itself from the mainstream. As a function of accomplishing such an end there are multiple ways in which a filmmaker could seek to â€Å"queer† a movie. ... However, as Doty notes, a more equitable and fair representation of the queer world view and lifestyle goes beyond a simple representation of â€Å"homosexuality†. In this sense, the filmmaker is greeted with a difficult construct in which to work. On the one she may wish to incorporate these more nuanced interpretations of queerness; however, on the other hand, she may find herself somewhat stymied by that such nuanced representations of queerness would necessarily reduce to artistic expressions of highly sophisticated stereotypes. As a means to avoid such a simplistic approach, this author would recommend that rather than focussing on indvidiual aspects of â€Å"queerness† within the movie Hotel Transylvania, a clear contrast could be drawn between characters that represented both straight and queer worldviews/perspectives. Although imperfect, such a representation would be able to have a stronger effect than merely representing a gay couple or uniquely and perhaps ch eap representation of singluarly queer point of view on a given issue/topic. Moreover, as the word itself has developed a life of its own, Doty uses it in ways that are not traditionally associated with a homosexual lifestyle or worldview. As such, the therm has come to represent the many multifacted ways in which a rebellion against normality and standard definitions of the world exist. As the author states in the article, queerness was as much about a clear renunciation of societal mores/norms as it was about the ability to fall in love with and be romantically or sexually involved with a member of one’s own sex. In this way, one of the best ways to â€Å"queer† the movie would be

Time Management Matrix-Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Time Management Matrix-Leadership - Essay Example As such, the time management matrix may arguably be considered an effective time management resource thereby invoking the importance of its analysis. The first quadrant comprises of urgent and important items such as a crying baby and some calls. This implies that items in the first quadrant require immediate attention and cannot be postponed. The second quadrant is a composition of not urgent but important items such as exercise and vacation. Items in the second quadrant may be regarded long term due to their lack of urgency but should not be neglected. According to Covey, items in the second quadrant are somewhat neglected, perhaps, because they are not urgent. Nonetheless, it important to note that efficacy is achieved by working both strategically and tactically and items in quadrant two ensure this. For example, exercising is not urgent but it is an important aspect of healthy living. The third quadrant entails items that are urgent but may be regarded as not important such as other calls. This implies that quadrant three items could be eliminated but people feel the need to hold on to them. As such, these items consume the largest portion of people’s time thereby corrupting effective time management. Finally, the fourth quadrant is a composition of items that are neither important nor urgent such as trivia. Quadrant four items are generally those that people take as breaks from important activities hence they can be considered to add relatively little value. Therefore, quadrant four items may be eliminated in an effort to avoid wasting time. The time management matrix arguably provides a proper strategy of managing time effectively hence can be useful tool in leadership. After analyzing and comprehending the application of time management matrix, leaders should take time to categorize their different commitments into respective quadrants. Additionally, after categorizing commitments, calculations of percentage of

Poetry of Nature Essay Example for Free

Poetry of Nature Essay Many poets are inspired by the impressive persona that exists in nature to influence their style of poetry. The awesome power of nature can bring about thought and provoke certain feelings the poet has towards the natural surroundings. If you bear in mind the disposition of some of the things in life that move us like human beauty, love or the beauty of nature you will understand that they have one thing in common. They do not last forever, as sad as it seems, Ladies and Gentleman. Yes they too will eventually die out. Why? Who knows? However it is a fact that when poets write a poem they wish to make their words appealing, as to impress the reader with the intensity of their own experience so they immortalize that sense of feeling that makes their poems last. Wordsworths poem, Nutting is a classic portrayal of a man finding time to escape the harsh bitterness of life and escaping to a world of isolation, solitude and loneliness that exists in nature. Id particularly like to focus on the second part, which has a greater significance in regard to nature, then the other part, which might appear irrelevant. In demonstrating the use of descriptive features Wordsworth has created the perfect sanctuary that one can only ever dream about. The wording used in this section is uncomplicated and evocative. Common language served Wordsworths purpose well, for the simple words were direct in their purpose. They expressed feelings that had been known and repeated many times before, and therefore contained a certain durability in his speech. And I saw the sparkling foam, And-with my cheek on one of those green stones that fleeced with moss, under the shady trees, lay round me, scattered like a flock of sheep. In this poem there is much evidence that expresses his loneliness, solitude, and isolation to the rest of the world at that moment in his life. And fade, unseen by any human eye; where fairy water-breaks do murmur on forever; It is obvious that through this perception Wordsworth is generally speaking of past experiences. Wordsworth believed that nature played a key role in spiritual understanding and stressed the role of memory in capturing the experiences of childhood. His poetry just like his beliefs relays a sense of feeling towards aspects of spiritual understanding. I felt a sense of pain when I beheld the silent trees, and saw the intruding sky. Then dearest Maiden, move along these shades in gentleness of heart; with gentle hand Touch-for there is a spirit in the wood. I believe Wordsworths motivation in this poem is to let us know that the powers of nature is magical and extremely great. The gracefulness of nature does contribute to the inner feelings of someone who appreciates it (mostly those who want time out for themselves). I believe we need to be with nature, feel it, and take advantage of one of lifes many gifts. PAUSE Lets not forget the main characteristics that nature offers like its visual and harmonious features as well as its auditory features. I believe sound has a very important part to play in nature. This is reflected in John Clares poem Pleasant Sounds In this poem you will notice that it is composed in a tactical verse form that allows the use of onomatopoeia to give the poem a visual imagery. The crumbling of cat-ice The rustle of birds The whizzing of larger birds The trample of robins The fall of an acorn The flirt of the ground-lark. The use of Onomatopoeia throughout the poem allocates descriptive words through each sentence that elaborately enhances the effect of poem. The poets appeal to our imagination may be his ability to execute certain emphasis that makes the words stand out from everyday speech. Clares interpretation of the poem is not just about sound but is also about his love for nature and the love that he has for the animals. PAUSE Like Pleasant Sounds Clares poem Autumn also gives way to visual imagery in light of the poems descriptive attitude. The way in which Clare has introduced rhyme into this poem enhances the visual imagery making it stand out. However it is seen that the sentences tend to drag on too long *There is a dryness in this particular type of poetry. *Religious sentiment, consecrating the affections and natural *And these moods always brought with them faultless expression In comparison to Pleasant sounds there is no sense of sounding, theres more a sense of the parch dryness of the earth. There is almost an uncomfortable feeling that doesnt let you feel that sense of soothingness like you did with Pleasant Sounds. In Autumn one is more intuned with the earth in its stage of dryness and shallowness. The words are entwined to give the feeling of parchness and dryness. Clares usage of the term over baked bread to describe the ground What essence is there in nature that moves us? Is it the fact that our lives are so fast forward that we tend to overlook what it has to offer? Wordsworth makes this poetic message immortal with his powerful and emotional words. Like Wordsworth, Clare utilizes more emphasis upon nature and the natural world. To study the deeper meaning of poetry through great poets like William Wordsworth and John Clare is always a challenge and an adventure. It brings the mind to contemplate things to which you dont often think about, such as your personal connection with nature.

From Pullout to Inclusion in a Service-Learning Project :: Teaching Education Research

From Pullout to Inclusion in a Service-Learning Project Introduction Service-learning is no mystery to those who have been working with English Language Learners in the United States, who are often marginalized immigrants and refugees, and who for linguistic and cultural reasons are misunderstood. TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) professionals are frequently their mouthpiece, if not their advocates. As advocates of these â€Å"other† cultures and languages (who generally support bilingual education), we are seen as a kind of pariah perpetuating the immigration and â€Å"illegal alien problem.† Not surprisingly, given the increase of immigrants and refugees in the U.S. in such a short span of time, many teachers and administrators have relied on their best instincts rather than the best theories or methods to work with English language learners. For one thing, the populations keep changing. Within less than a decade, many programs have served students from diverse backgrounds with completely different needs ranging from low literacy Hmong to high literacy Russians. Teachers are often called on to be experts without having sufficient training in language teaching methodology or in second language and literacy development. Despite their exemplar methodologies in other ways (e.g., task and project based learning, critical thinking, cooperative learning), they do what they think is best, most often relying on their own past experiences learning a foreign language in the U.S. Moreover, TESOL professionals (not a monolith, we understand) are accustomed to enormous linguistic an d cultural variety along with a fair amount of ambiguity. Unknowns abound in our world. When service-learning merges with TESOL, what is called for is a new kind of expertise. In this paper, we set out to question the elusive nature of expertise in company with service learning. Expertise within any discipline is an ambitious goal and even under the best circumstances, liberal arts faculty rarely think of themselves as preparing experts. In the TESOL world we have long since known that our expertise is not locked in our own ability to â€Å"technify† our students (or our teachers), or to fill young (and old) minds with theory. Following Edward Zwotkowski (1999) we understand that expertise encompasses more that theoretical understanding and technical skill; it also includes the in-depth knowledge that comes from having lived with a problem or set of circumstances over an extended period of time. We have not had to look very hard to find those living with kinds of problems.

Sales Project Report on Wall”S

WALL'S Introduction: Wall’s was bought by Mac fisheries in 1920 – who then sold Wall’s to Lever Brothers in 1922. In 1922 by the 1950s, wartime rationing produced a big appetite for ice cream – sales reached ? 46 million by 1959 and Wall’s opened a large ice cream factory in Gloucester. Supermarkets began to stock ice creams in addition to small high street shops. Market research in the 1970s showed that practically everyone loved ice cream. Wall’s ice cream started production. Wall’s ice cream introduced in 1995 in Pakistan under unilever brand.Unilever is one of the biggest brands in Pakistan and 56 other brands are registered under unilever brand. â€Å"Meeting the everyday needs of people everywhere†. It is the world number 1 in ice-cream, margarine, and tea-based beverages; also in personal wash, prestige fragrances and deodorants. Unilever's packaged foods business is the world's third largest after Nestle and Kraft. Yet a t the same time, the group has pruned its portfolio by 75%, disposing of some regional products and rebranding others in order to concentrate on a smaller roster of global power brands.Advertising Age estimated global measured advertising expenditure of $3. 5bn in 2004 making Unilever the worlds number 3 advertisers. ?Founded 1930 ?Employees 350,000 ?Sales $25. 3 Billion ?Profits $982 Million ?Headquarters London, England and Rotterdam the Netherlands ? 3d-largest company in Britain ?World’s largest margarine producer ?World’s largest soap and detergent maker ?World’s largest maker of packaged tea ?World’s largest ice cream maker ?World’s 3rd-largest advertiser ?World’s 16th –largest industrial company ?Rank World’s largest consumer products companyUnilever is one of the world's leading food companies. â€Å"Our passion for understanding what people want and need from their food – and what they love about it – ma kes our brands a popular choice†. In the late 19th century the businesses that would later become Unilever were among the most philanthropic of their time. They set up projects to improve the lot of their workers and created products with a positive social impact, making hygiene and personal care commonplace and improving nutrition through adding vitamins to foods that were already daily staples.The decade starts with the launch of Path to Growth, a five-year strategic plan, and in 2004 further sharpens its focus on the needs of 21st century-consumers with its Vitality mission. Ice cream is made from milk, fat and sugar. These are cooled as they are mixed, then whipped to create a light, airy texture. Flavourings, fruit or chocolate are added then the whole mixture is frozen again before packaging. Walls have been continuously adding new products to its range. As a result Walls has registered a significant increase in its sale volume during the last ten years in Pakistan. Miss ion Statement Unilever’s mission is to add vitality to life. We meet everyday needs for nutrition; hygiene and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. † Wall's Polka Acquisition In 1994 Lever Brothers Pakistan tried to acquire Polka Ice Cream for Rs 600 million. Polka refused the bid, demanding instead Rs. 1 billion. One year after the launch of Wall's Ice Cream by Lever Brothers in 1995, Polka approached Wall's with an offer to merge the two companies. In 1998 Polka merged into Walls both combined with one and other. After the merging they are working together for last 7 years.On Polka packaging there is a brand mark of Walls ice cream. Wall’s has a 28% share in the ice cream market; 25% of which comes from the take home range and 64% of the impulse range – the highest in the entire industry. Taste the fun side of life Mention ice cream and most people think of the Heart brand. The brand with the big red h eart logo is behind many much-loved ice cream classics – from indulgent treats like Magnum and Cornetto. Making you happy Few foods are guaranteed to put a smile on people's faces like ice cream. But while ice cream should always be fun, we've an ever-growing range of lower fat, lower sugar products.Heart brand now provides lighter versions for those watching the calories and smaller sizes for smaller appetites, as well old favorites – there's something for everyone Some ice creams are best as an occasional indulgence, but others can be a regular treat, and eaten sensibly, ice cream can be part of a healthy balanced diet. Heart brand is developing products that are lower in fat, sugar-free, lactose-free, as well as low-crab options and those with more nutritional ‘goodies' like calcium and fruit. Key facts †¢ Unilever is the world's biggest ice cream manufacturer, with an annual turnover of â‚ ¬5 billion. Heart brand products are sold in more than 40 coun tries. The Heart brand operates under different names in different markets (Wall's in the UK and most parts of Asia, Algida in Italy, Langnese in Germany, Kibon in Brazil, and Ola in the Netherlands). Ice cream is an impulse buying product it is related to happiness, fun and togetherness. Ice cream is a frozen product made from a combination of milk products and eggs, sugar dextrose corn syrup etc. It was once considered a sophisticated item of food is now becoming increasingly popular among the people.There are small, medium and large manufacturers of ice cream in Pakistan. Walls have divided the ice-cream products into three main categories. 1. impulse item 2. In home 3. bulk pack Impulse Item Impulse items are produce especially for kids and teenagers. KIDS: It includes Rocket, Twister, Bigger Three, and Vanilla cup, Rainbow Berry Dip and Choc Dip which are for kids. SLOGAN: All Action All Wall’s TEENAGERS: It includes jet sport, Kings Kulfa , Mango Kings KulfaVanilla, and Choc Bar, Cornetto, Pop cone,Chocolate Passion, Magnum, and Feast SLOGAN: All Hearts All Walls’. IN HOME:In home ice cream products are especially designed For family and adults which includes liter and half liter packs also Have half and full packs. It includes Tutti Fruity, Cassatta, Kings Kulfa, Mango, Chocolate chip and many more. BULK PACK: These are for dealers and hotels and Wall’s providing in large Or big quantity in the form of big packs. Wall’s deal with Pizza Hut, McDonalds, major shopping centers, stores, vendor. Annual Growth Rate: 13. 37% is annual growth rate of the wall’s company And wall’s ice creams remain the best. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: †¢ Strong brand equity. Quality product Larger dealers network Country wide availability †¢ Production under Unilever brand is one of the biggest strength for company †¢ Innovative (using latest technology for the manufacturing of the ice cream and all system is computerized) à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Unique innovative packing Weaknesses: †¢ Perception about the company is that it is specially made for high class consumers. This perception is affecting company image although Wall’s is making ice cream for every class and they have those products which are ranging from 5 to 30 which can be affordable for the poor people. Weather barrier is also the factor which is affecting the production of the ice cream and can be taken as a weakness for the Wall’s †¢ Product price high with respect to the competitor in some flavors Opportunities: †¢ Range of the products can be increased especially for the kids †¢ Kids are the big opportunities for the company †¢ Increase in the population †¢ Unilever brand is the big opportunity for the Wall’s as it is well known internationally Threats: †¢ If any multinational company launch ice-cream product then it will be a big threat for the company but up till now company is not facing any ki nd of threat Selling Techniques: – Let people know you sell ice cream Show customers and passersby that you sell ice cream by displaying POS items such as pavement signs, flags and waste bins outside your store. This may result in further impulse buys, growing your overall business. 2 – Keep your cabinet clean and full Only 50% of intended ice cream purchases result in a sale due to unappealing cabinets. Check your stock regularly and clean and defrost your cabinet to attract more sales and keep running costs down. 3 – Stock the best sellersStock the best selling brands in each of 4 segments – chocolate snacks, cones, adult refreshment and kids – to make it easier for your customers to find what they want 4 – Make your cabinet easy to find Place your cabinet in a high traffic flow area near to the till and ideally amongst other impulse products. 5 – Draw attention to your cabinet Use indoor POS items such as freezer display boards, ba sket labels and cabinet stickers to make your cabinet stand out. 6 – Stock ice cream all your round A third of all ice cream sales are made during the winter months, so stock up now and don’t miss out. Distribution: ne of the competitive advantage of WALL'S is its availabilty, which is ensured by extensive distribution. The distribution of icecream is different from other products. To keep it in a good form it must be chilled at appropriate temprature. For thid purpose deep freezers are used, which are provided by the company. However the running costs are to be paid by the retailer. For this purpose walls gives a margin of 18% to its retailerdistributors, which is distributed over entire channel. Pakistan is divided in three major sections. These are as follows: 1) North ( Islamabad, Peshawar, Northren Areas) 2) Central Central Punjab and Lahore) 3) South ( Sindh and Balochistan) Disribution Channel: Distribution is making the product available but this availablity sh ould ensure that product must be: 1- At right place 2- At right time 3- In right condition WALL'S have a hybrid distribution system. It reaches different customers with different systems. WALL'S is using two types of ditribution channels, both are indirect channels. Producer Distributor Retailer Consumer Retailer|Security forthe freezers|Investment onIce cream products|Board for advertisement|Total investment required| Others|15000|12-15,000|3000|30,000|WALL’S|Nil|12-15,000|Nil|15,000| Promotional Strategies: Promotional strategies of WALL’s ice-cream is consistent. It uses Pull strategy for promoting its product because WALL’s spent a lot on advertising and consumer promotion to build up consumer demand. Promotional Budget One of the hardest marketing decisions facing a company is how much to spend on promotion. How des a company decide on its promotion budget: WALL’s ice-cream uses Objective-and-Task Method to set its budget for promotional activities.T his budgeting method entails (1) defining specific promotion objectives, (2) determining the tasks needed to achieve these objectives, and (3) estimating the cost of performing these tasks. The sum of these costs is the proposed promotion budget. Wall’s determine its specific tasks to achieve its objectives which are defined by the company’s management, to achieve these objectives WALL’s estimates the costs of different tasks, which are to be done to promote its products. 1. Promotional Objectives Promotional objectives of the WALL’s ice-cream are as follows Inform Persuade RemindCompanies inform the people when they don’t know about the product, persuasion takes place when people already know about the product and company forces them to buy the product and when companies is selling enough quantities of a product it reminds consumers about the product to keep the sales at the same level in future. Promotion is important for firms in many ways. It h elps to establish image of product, which the manufacture wants to portray, and also the personality of product. It informs the people, creates awareness and helps in positioning and repositioning of the product.With promotional tools company can tell about the availability of product, company can justify prices or can communicate the features of the product. WALL’S is not promoting its products individually because WALL’S believe that the high quality it is providing through its products are more than sufficient to prove its identity. We believe that now there is a need for WALL’S to promote its products separately as international competition is coming as well. 2. Tasks Selection of different promotional tools advertising and media schedules and what types of message are delivered to the target audience. WALL’s uses Advertising and Sales Promotion. . Cost/Budget Estimated budget of WALL’s of promotion is Rs. 2. 5 million (est. ) Promotional Tools 1. ADVERTISEMENT WALL’S is creating awareness about its new products such as supper Cornetto, Carte DOR for this purpose it is using huge signboards on the major square of the cities and more importantly both the print and electronic media for advertisement and for that it is following AIDA model.  · Awareness The WALL’S uses print and electronic media plus the signboards initially just to create awareness and knowledge about its new product as these days it is giving A lot of adds of both of its newly launched producs Super Cornetto. Interest: As the public gets awareness of the produces of WALL’S the next step is to create interest among the target buyers about the product which is again done through advertisement.  · Desire: The WALL’S create curiosity among the customers and transform that curiosity into the desire of the product.  · Action: Finally to make the customer purchase the product this is the final thing to be done in model. The WALLà ¢â‚¬â„¢S follows a sequential pattern through which it strengthens its newly launched products. Or to put in another way, the concept can be very well understood with the help of the above given building blocks: InformPersuade Remind Companies inform the people when they don’t know about the product, persuasion takes place when people already know about the product and company forces them to buy the product and when companies is selling enough quantities of a product it reminds consumers about the product to keep the sales at the same level in future. Promotion is important for firms in many ways. It helps to establish image of product, which the manufacture wants to portray, and also the personality of product. It informs the people, creates awareness and helps in positioning and repositioning of the product.With promotional tools company can tell about the availability of product, company can justify prices or can communicate the features of the product. WALL’S is no t promoting its products individually because WALL’S believe that the high quality it is providing through its products are more than sufficient to prove its identity. We believe that now there is a need for WALL’S to promote its products separately as international competition is coming as well. The theme of advertisement varies with the product image and positioning. But walls follow the same theme internationally.The advertisements run on TV are made in foreign countries. The objectives of advertising are the three basic ones which include informing, persuading and reminding about different brands of walls. WALL’S have used all sorts of mediums of mass communication and one to one bases. The mediums used in WALL’S promotional activities are:  · TV  · Billboards  · News papers  · Magazines  · Radio  · Banners  · Pamphlets  · Stands in shops  · Shop boards  · Sponsorships of pop stars, actors, models  · Event arrangements  · Bus S top Board Ads  · Fun carnival carried out in different parks such as Racecourse Park 2.SALES PROMOTION WALL’S has been going a number of sales promotion activities like the: 1- Cycling System: WALL’S started its cycling system for awareness but after that its task was modified into doing sales promotions for the company. And also cycling system has proved excellent in terms of sales and promotion. 2- Discount Coupons: WALL’S launches very low price products for the purpose of both market expansion and sales promotion. Like Solo for Rs. 2 and Liter pack for Rs. 45 was also to boost sales. 3- Discounts and Offerings: Wall’s offered 5% discount in off-season. 3. Public RelationsFor strengthening itself in relationship markets WALL’S is not only going for customer satisfaction but also stressing upon building strong public relations. For example, under the umbrella of Unilever, WALL’S has been trying to part in charity activities and also to s tay in front in national and religion events. For instance events like Valentines Day. WALL’S uses such occasions to not only promote its sales but also to build strong public relationships through sponsoring events on this day. Moreover, it has recently started organizing colorful Fun Carnivals too, which is totally a family affair.This is just an instance WALL’S tries to gain maximum of such opportunities. 1. Customers Price discounts Quantity discounts 2. Distributors Shares 50% of the distributors' expenses Off season discounts: 5% 3. Retailers Free freezers to retailers Investment on each retailer: Rs. 22,000 Free freezers’ maintenance 4. Street Vendors Free Trikes To strengthen its relationship with the various public and customers WALL’s sponsors an Art exibition. Hierarchy of Marketing Department (sales force) National/Country marketing (sales) manager ? Zonal sales manager Area/territory sales manager ? Sales officer ?Our Suggestions: REFERENCES 1. www. wallspakistan. com[->0] 2. www. unilever. com[->1] 3. www. yummy. com. pk[->2] 4. www. unilver. co. uk[->3] 5. www. walls. co. uk[->4] 6. www. yahoo. com[->5] 7. www. google. com[->6] ? [->0] – http://www. wallspakistan. com/ [->1] – http://www. unilever. com/ [->2] – http://www. yummy. com. pk/ [->3] – http://www. unilver. co. uk/ [->4] – http://www. walls. co. uk/ [->5] – http://www. yahoo. com/ [->6] – http://www. google. com/

They Are More Complex Than You Think

Case Corporate Bonds – They are More Complex Than You Think 1. How should Jill go about explaining the relationship between coupon rates and bond prices? Why do the coupon rates for the various bonds vary so much? Jill should explain the relationship between coupon rates and bond prices by calculating the price of the bonds, which have similar features except coupon rate. Let’s compare ABC Energy issuer with the coupon rate 5% and 0% (the same with rating and YTM) IssuerMaturityFace ValueCoupon RateRatingYieldPrice% Change ABC Energy2010005%AAA2%$1,490. 54 49. 05% ABC Energy2010005%AAA3%$1,297. 55 29. 5% ABC Energy2010005%AAA5%$1,000. 00 0. 00% ABC Energy2010005%AAA6%$885. 30 -11. 47% ABC Energy2010000%AAA2%$672. 97 -32. 70% ABC Energy2010000%AAA3%$553. 68 -44. 63% ABC Energy2010000%AAA5%$376. 89 -62. 31% ABC Energy2010000%AAA6%$311. 80 -68. 82% The table shows that the 5% coupon bond has a wider fluctuation in price than the zero coupon bond for equivalent changes in y ield. 2. How are the ratings of these bonds determined? What happens when the bond ratings get adjusted downwards? The ratings of these bonds are determined by two professional bond-rating firms: Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s (S&P).Each of these bond-rating firms has a committee that evaluates the risk level of the company’s bond issue. It assigns a rating ranging from AAA or Aaa (best rating) down to D (default). The ratings are periodically re-evaluated whenever there is a significant development in a company’s structure or earning performance. When the ratings get adjusted downward, the bond becomes less attractive. Hence, the rate of return goes up to reduce its price. 3. During the presentation one of the clients is puzzled why some bonds sell for less than their face value while others sell for premium.She asks whether the discount bonds are a bargain. How should Jill respond? Bonds can be issued at a discount, at par, or even at premium from face v alue. The majority of bonds are sold at par ($1,000) with the coupon rate being set equal to the yield that proportional with its rating and maturity. After it is being issued, the yields demanded by investors will change, but the coupon rate still stays the same. If the yield exceeds the coupon rate, investors are demanding a higher rate of return than what the company is currently paying via the coupon payment, which leads the price drops and vice versa.As long as the yields are a true reflection of the risk level of the bond, there would not be any a bargain for the bond price, whether at a discount or premium from face value. 4. What does the term â€Å"yield to maturity† mean and how is it to be calculated? The â€Å"yield to maturity† (YTM) of a bond is the rate of return that an investor expects to earn when he or she buys the bond at its current price, receive the face value when it matures. The YTM is considered a long-term bond yield expressed as an annual ra te. The YTM of a bond is also known as its promised yield.To calculate a bond’s YTM, we must use the following inputs: For example: ABC Energy, 5%, 20 years, face value $1,000, price $703. 1 (semi-annual coupons) PV= -703. 1, N=40, PMT = 25, FV = 1000 => I = 4 (semi-annual) Interest annual = 4%*2 = 8 % 5. What is the difference between the â€Å"nominal† and effective yields to maturity for each bond listed in Table 1? Which one should the investor use when deciding between corporate bonds and other securities of similar risk? Please explain. IssuerFace ValueCoupon Rate Rating Quote PriceYTM Sinking FundCall Period YTM (semi-annual)Nominal YTMEffective YTM ABC Energy 10005%AAA703. 20yes34. 0001%8. 0001%8. 1601% ABC Energy 10000%AAA208. 320yesn/a3. 9999%7. 9997%8. 1597% TransPower100010%AA109220yes54. 5000%9. 0001%9. 2026% Telco Utilities100011%AA1206. 430no54. 4999%8. 9998%9. 2023% The nominal yield to maturity on the bond is calculated by multiplying the semi-annual y ield by two. The effective YTM is calculated by compounding the semi-annual yield for two periods. For example, on the ABC Energy 5%, 20 year bond, the semi-annual YTM is 4%. The effective annual YTM would be calculated [(1+0. 4)^2]-1 = 0. 0816 or 8. 16%.Since the YTM is a promise yield with the actual yield being dependent on the reinvestment rate that each investor is able to earn, it is best to compare similar risk bonds on the basis of their nominal YTMs. 6. Jill knows that the call period and its implications will be of particular concern to the audience. How should she go about explaining the effects of the call provision on bond risk and return potential. Call provisions are attached to bonds so that it allows companies to refinance their debt at lower rates when interest rates drop.The existence of a call provision presents a risk to the bond investor that their investment horizon on that bond may be prematurely ended. Moreover, there is reinvestment risk associated with cal lable bonds, since the bonds are called when rates are low. The company does pay a premium when the bond is called. Furthermore, there is a deferred call period for five years, which the bond can’t be called. In the case of callable bonds, investors should calculate the yield to the first call of the bonds to decide.For this calculate, the future value is set to equal to $1,000 + 1 year coupon, the maturity is assumed to be the number of years until the bond become callable. 7. How should Jill go about explaining the riskiness of each bond? Rank the bonds in terms of their relative riskiness. IssuerFace ValueCoupon Rate Rating Quote PriceYTM Sinking FundCall Period YTM (semi-annual)Nominal YTMEffective YTMRisk Rank (1=low) ABC Energy 10005%AAA703. 120yes34. 0001%8. 0001%8. 1601%1 ABC Energy 10000%AAA208. 320yesn/a3. 9999%7. 9997%8. 1597%2 TransPower100010%AA109220yes54. 5000%9. 001%9. 2026%3 Telco Utilities100011%AA120630no54. 4999%8. 9998%9. 2023%4 The bond ratings provide a general guide as to the credit risk associated with each bond. Within it ratings, investors need to be aware of call risk, reinvestment risk, maturity, and the sinking fund provision’s effect on risk. Callability makes a bond have a higher reinvestment risk. Among the AAA bonds, the zero coupon bond has no call risk, no reinvestment risk, but the higher price risk. Among the AA bonds, Telco Utilities has a longer maturity and no sinking fund making it the riskiest. . One of Jill’s best clients poses the following questions, â€Å"If I buy 10 of each of these bonds, reinvest any coupons received at the rate of these bonds, reinvest any coupons received at the rate of 5% per year and hold them until they mature, what will my realized return be on each bond investment? † How should Jill respond? IssuerFace ValueCoupon Rate Quote PriceYTM Sinking FundCall Period YTM (semi-annual)Nominal YTMEffective YTMFV of couponFV of coupon + FVRealized Return (Semi-Annual)Reali zed Return ABC Energy 10005%703. 120yes34. 0001%8. 001%8. 1601%$1,685. 06 $2,685. 06 3. 41%6. 81% ABC Energy 10000%208. 320yesn/a3. 9999%7. 9997%8. 1597%$0. 00 $1,000. 00 4. 00%8. 00% TransPower100010%109220yes54. 5000%9. 0001%9. 2026%$3,370. 13 $4,370. 13 3. 53%7. 06% Telco Utilities100011%120630no54. 4999%8. 9998%9. 2023%$7,479. 54 $8,479. 54 5. 00%9. 99% In the case of the ABC Energy, 5% coupon bond, the realized return is calculated as follows: Future value of reinvested coupon N=40, I = 2. 5, PV=0, PMT=25 => FV= 1685. 06 Realized return = [(1685. 06+1000)/703. 1]^(1/40) -1 = 3. 41% *2 = 6. 82%

5 Awesome Ways to Cut Your Energy Bills

5 Awesome Ways to Cut Your Energy Bills 5 Awesome Ways to Cut Your Energy Bills If you are moving into your first shared apartment, you’re probably worried about paying the bills. And since we are now into fall, you’re probably already thinking about turning the heating on. Here are some great ways for you and your housemates to save money! 1) Shrink Wrap Your Windows Did you know that shrink wrap makes an excellent substitute for extra window panes? If you are stuck with single glazed windows, you’ll know that the heat leaks out! Try taping shrink wrap to the window panes: you’ll be amazed at how much warmer your room feels! 2) Get Some Snakes! OK, real snakes probably won’t heat up your house much, especially since they are cold blooded. However, stuffed snakes laid at the bottom of doors, will! Try using the leg of an old pair of pantyhose and stuff it with rags. Put it at the bottom of your door and you have yourself a free draft excluder. For extra cuteness, add some googly eyes and a smile. 3) Line Your Curtains You’re probably thinking that this is the sort of thing your grandmother would do. But there’s a reason for that: it works! Add a fleecy lining to your curtain for extra insulation. 4) Reflect that Radiation! A sheet of aluminum foil behind a radiator reflects the heat waves back into the room, instead of letting it be absorbed into the wall. Bet you never thought foil could keep you warm, right? 5) Warm Up With Rice! Anyone who has ever tried studying with cold feet will know that it’s not a great experience. Sew up some raw rice in a rectangle of cloth to make yourself a microwaveable rice pillow. It uses a lot less energy than a hot water bottle (kettles are super energy intensive) and is ready in seconds. What are you waiting for? Get busy and make your home a warm and cozy study nest for the winter!

4 Tips for Writing Effectively, Concisely and Truthfully

4 Tips for Writing Effectively, Concisely and Truthfully On November 20, I was featured in the article English Essay Tips from the Experts, a compilation of writing tips from several experts. These tips are valid for anyone writing any type of letter or essay. Remember them as you compile holiday letters and college application essays in the upcoming weeks! #1: Think First. Write Last. Sometimes when people don’t like writing, the actual problem is that they are having trouble thinking. Frequently I’ll work with a client on an essay the person has been struggling with for weeks. One client this past week, for instance, had been through seven revisions of his law school application essay and still wasn’t satisfied with the result. What he needed was not writing help so much as a conversation with a coach who could focus him on a strategy and theme that worked. He needed help thinking. As soon as he had his new outline, he rewrote the essay, completed two revisions, and finalized the essay in just one week. Erin Brenner, a publishing professional, copyediting professor and editor of copyediting.com, makes the important point that writing is the last step in the writing process. First, the writer must gather and organize information; once those steps are taken, writing can be a breeze. #2: Stick to the Point! Another challenge for writers can be going on tangents or including unnecessary details. Test prep expert Alexis Avila cuts to the chase on this issue with his tip that any â€Å"sentence that doesn’t fit under Thesis / Evidence / Transition† can be cut from an essay. Of course, to know whether a sentence fits under Thesis / Evidence / Transition, you need to be clear about what the purpose is of each of your paragraphs! So Tip #1 from Erin Brenner is part and parcel of this one. #3: Active Language Wins Do you ever get the vague feeling that your writing is too wordy but you’re not sure exactly why? I believe the first place to look is at passive vs. active construction (e.g., The car was moving fast down the street vs. The car sped down the street.) Mignon Fogarty, a.k.a. Grammar Girl, points out that the use of â€Å"of†- especially when it follows a â€Å"tion† word- can give you a clue about what to change. If you wrote something like, â€Å"The creation of paper snowflakes took the children hours† you would do well to change it to â€Å"The children spent hours creating paper snowflakes.† See the difference? Feel free to use this trick in your holiday writing! #4: Tell the Truth! This tip from me- Brenda Bernstein, The Essay Expert- makes writing a lot easier for anyone who thinks they need to â€Å"sound good.† If that’s you, stop it! Instead, tell the truth about your struggles and pain if that’s what you’ve been dealing with. And then tell the truth about your victories. No one is interested in how you’ve always known what you know now; we want to know how you grew. When I get to my clients’ real stories, they inevitably express a sense of relief and gain energy to start writing. People who were stuck suddenly can’t wait to start putting words on paper. Did these four tips give you a boost in getting started, or continuing, a writing project that has been stymieing you? Do you think you need a different type of tip to get you on track? Please share below!

Yours Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Yours - Essay Example One must know that there are some people holding opinion that handling the most dangerous creature on the planet, i.e., beautiful women is an art in itself and this is an issue which really comes across during the time of the first date. A man tries his best to have the best possible clothes on his body as well as carry a decent hair do, one which will surely be liked by his date, or the first date if we may say. I believe women are very sensitive when the talk is of choosing their date partners. Even the slightest of details are seen with a vigilant eye (by the girl). Thus I believe an American man is constantly under pressure to show own self in his best possible dressing as well as exhibit his manners to the extreme. I hold very diverse ways about this subject and quite rightly so. I opine that some American men love to save the mementos that they receive from their dates and openly show them to their friends, one and all, thus bringing into notice the achievements they have had. It is a totally different story if there is no memento for the person; hence nothing to actually share or brag about within friends and relatives on the man’s part who had his first date. For many American males like me, their first dates turn out to be real horrendous, thus bringing with them pain, frustration and shattered dreams, which they had built of their ideal girl during their leisure time. Everyone like me does so and it surely is agony for us poor souls who see their dates either being fat, chubby or somewhat physically impaired. There might be some other physical and mental disabilities, notwithstanding while preferences on the man’s part are endless too. However I think that dating can be sometimes degrading depending upon the girl with whom the date is being set with as well as the unexpected and uncontrollable surroundings and