Why Killing a Pig Would Be Legal But Not a Dog Examples

In a world where a bill of rights is highly regarded, human rights watch and human activists are awake every other moment stipulating vividly the rights and the freedom of every other individual.   Each individual in the present world is highly enlightened about his or her rights and freedom, the degree to which he or she can practice them without violating other people’s rights differs from one nation to another. There exists a wide variety of freedom ranging from freedom of speech, freedom of movement, freedom of expression, freedom of life, to freedom of worship just to mention but a few. Each and every one has the mandate to exercise and maximize fully, and even to capitalize on his her rights without interfering with other peoples business. However, there are circumstances where ones rights and freedoms may be curtailed by the state. In some cases, the freedom of movement, speech and association may be denied if the affected individual is likely to harm others or make defamatory statements against others or the state. Incase of interference the accused is bound to face the law and if found guilt he or she will be subjected to a sentence as per the law. Freedom of worship is respected in many nations especially where we have many religious groups. Each individual is allowed to practice their religion according to their faith without any state or animal rights activists’ interferences. Maua’s case therefore is not exceptional since he only practiced his rights of worship. He believes that by making a sacrifice allegedly to remove the evil spirits then his sick wife would feel better. After killing a pig, chicken and burning the US dollar bill, the health of his wife only gets worse and this pushes him to slaughter the dog, the only alternative available to secure his wife’s health by appeasing the evil spirits believed to cause such diseases. The burden at hand which undoubtedly forced Moua to kill the dog was the health status of his wife. It is very obvious that his wife’s life was more important to him than that of the dog. Sacrificing the dog to secure his wife’s life was more appealing. Having tried to appease the evil spirits by killing a chicken, a pig and even burning a US dollar bill to no avail indicates his heightened frustration with his wife’s disease to   the extend that he killed the dog. Anyone who definitely knows his or her freedoms would proudly practice them freely without having to be forced to, what of a case whereby one is forced by a certain circumstance like in the case of Maua. Just by practicing his freedom of worship a hardship which he was undergoing would come to an end. Thus he exercises his freedom of worship, offering a dog as a sacrifice at the pleasure of overcoming a certain burden at hand. Within the human society there are animals whose products are widely accepted as edible. They are human consumed to an extent that there are some individual who can’t do without them. In the same society it would be a taboo to consume meat of a certain animals since they are inedible as per the society. Inedibility and edibility therefore determines legality or illegality to kill an animal. This varies from one society to another. In china dogs meat is consumed while in our society it is a taboo to consume dog’s meat. Why killing a pig would be legal but not a dog This question does not border on the law but the practices and ethics of a particular society. Man was given authority over all animals according to the Christian religion and he can thus kill any without violating the commandments of god. The matter of legality should not arise since all animals are the same. There should be no difference between a cow, a goat or a horse according to the law. The issue that may be contagious is the ethics of a particular society. Some societies have no problem consuming products from dogs as it happens in some parts of Asia while pork is not touched in other societies. Killing a pig therefore is legal since its products are consumed by this particular society.   Some products from pig such as pork and, mutton are all over across the world adored for their delicious nature licensing the legality to kill a pig in order to obtain the products. I tend to believe that most people can’t do without pig product especially in a case where it is recommended by health personnel thus warranting the legality to kill a pig. Another exceptional case is where the society doesn’t consume the pig’s meat. To them consuming pigs meat would be a taboo which if committed warrants one for expulsion or cleansing sacrifice to be carried out for him to be accepted back to the society. Such a society would hold you accountable for any killing of a pig. Killing a dog is then illegal for the reasons that dog’s meat isn’t consumed by the human society, and across the whole globe it has never been accepted for consumption. It would be a greater taboo in the human fraternity if one was found consuming a dog’s meat, one would either be considered insane, cursed or an outcast in the society. Commiting such case would cause one to be ex communicated from the society. Arguably in very extreme cases would killing a dog be legalized, cases of dire importance such as the case facing Maua. Cases like that would warrant legalizing the killing of a dog in order to meet some rare requirements. There are societies however, that consume dogs’ meat and therefore having them to kill a dog would be legal. In an exclusive story in Kenya, a family in the northern region was reported to have slaughtered and eaten a dog because of hunger; no rights body in the whole nation condemned the issue. This may be attributed to the circumstances in which the dog was slaughtered but not a case of legality or illegality. REFERENCES. Andrew L. Christianity and the Rights of Animals. Crossroad. New York, 1987 Tom R. Animal Sacrifices, Religious Perspectives on the Use of Animals in Science, Temple University Press, PA. [1986] Tom R. The Case for Animal Rights. University of California Press. [1983]

The Case Of Engineer James Liang And The Volkswagen...

But was it ethical? This question will often be asked regarding the case of engineer James Liang and his role in the Volkswagen emission scandal. During the period of early 2006 to 2014, James Liang and his team of engineers developed a â€Å"defeat† device that allowed diesel powered vehicles to pass the EPA emission test, when in fact the vehicles were emitting up to 30 times the allowable limit. To many, this may seem a black and white case of ethics due to the fact that Liang’s team and Volkswagen blatantly cheated on a governmental testing regulation and then proceeded to falsely advertise the vehicles as â€Å"clean diesel and environmentally friendly† as reported by the United States Department of Justice; however, different ethical†¦show more content†¦It is not the consequences from the actions of the will that drives the action but the rather the purity of the will of a person. This then leads into the duty to follow the will. Duty is the next pillar of Kantian ethics. In Kant’s writing, duty is defined as the way one should act to carry out moral laws. There should be no pleasure derived from following duty except out of respect to moral laws defined by the person. These are defined by the maxim. Kant defines the maxim as a subjective principle that one should follow and is testable by the categorical imperative. An example of a maxim is saying one will not lie no matter the situation. This maxim can thus be tested by the categorical imperative. The final pillar of Kantian ethics is the categorical imperative. This is a test for the maxim in order to understand if the maxim can be defined as universal law. The categorical imperative is vital to Kantian ethics since Kant believes any act is essentially wrong if it cannot be considered universal law. As defined above, Kantian ethics can be applied to the Volkswagen scandal involving James Liang. Even though to many his actions are completely irresponsible, the purity of his will is the determining factor of where or not his actions were ethical. Liang could have had a duty to Volkswagen as any employee would to his/her company. Volkswagen had employed Liang for 34 years so Liang may have developed a duty to Volkswagen to preventShow MoreRelatedAn Investigation Into The Volkswagen Emissions Scandal After Research Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesis an ongoing investigation into the Volkswagen emissions scandal after research indicated a large discrepancy in emissions during testing and road operation conditions on some of the company’s diesel engine vehicles.[1] On September 9, 2016, James Liang, an experienced Volkswagen engineer and head of the company’s Diesel Competence unit in the U.S., pleaded guilty to taking part in a fraudulent scheme to allow certain Volkswa gen vehicles that violated emissions regulations to pass testing proceduresRead MoreJames Liang And The Volkswagen Emission Scandal Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesJames Liang and the Volkswagen Emission Scandal An Ethical Examination On September 9, 2016, a veteran engineer of Volkswagen AG by the name of James Robert Liang pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy to defraud the government, committing wire fraud, and violating the U.S. Clean Air Act. While working in Germany in 2006, Liang was part of a team charged with producing a new fuel-efficient diesel engine that satisfied new U.S. regulations on vehicle emissions. He and his team eventually came toRead MoreThe Vs. Emission Testing1200 Words   |  5 Pagestopic that the Volkswagen engineer James Liang pleads guilty for his role in cheat U.S. emission test. Back to last year James Liang and his co-conspirators designed and implemented software for new â€Å"EA 189† diesel engine, to cheat the missions tests. They knew it was impossible to create a diesel engine that could meet the U.S. emission standard, so they developed a software â€Å"defeat device,† which could recognize the difference between using the dynamometer to measure the emissi on quality in U.SRead MoreThe Principles Of Teamwork, Leadership Practices, And How These Influenced Business Outcomes Essay1962 Words   |  8 PagesOnce known for quality automobiles, Volkswagen is now perceived as a global corporation that deliberately deceived the U.S. government and defrauded customers. In this paper our team investigated the principles of teamwork, leadership practices, and how these influenced business outcomes. Research indicated that Volkswagen’s corporate culture has not always been the best. Dictatorial executive leadership and a culture where â€Å"success at all costs† outweighed ethics created an environment hostile toRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesvi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management

Short Report of Review on Sustainability Disclosure Essay

To: Finance Director Subject: Short report of review on sustainability disclosure There is a growing trend among companies to disclose and report their social and environmental impacts not only concerned with the financial performance of a company but its impact on society and environment. Thus, sustainability becomes an important issue. Sustainability is the capacity to endure and is the long-term maintenance of responsibility, which included environmental, economic, and social dimensions. It is mandatory for a company to disclose its sustainability information. In addition , the sustainability disclosure is based on a theory called system-oriented theory, which includes three aspects:stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory and†¦show more content†¦Managerial branch seeks to explain and predict how an organization will react to the demands of various stakeholder groups. Management will respond to the information demands of stakeholders perceived as being powerful. The greater the importance of the stakeholders, the greater will be the expectation that the management will take action to manage the relationship with stakeholders. AGL shareholders were paid dividends totaling 60.0 cents per share for the full financial year 2011, and increase of 1.0 cent per share, or 1.7%, on the financial year 2010. [pic] Legitimacy Theory Legitimacy theory posits that organizations seek to ensure that they operate within the bounds and norms of their respective societies; that is they attempt to ensure that their activities are perceived by outside parties to be legitimate. This theory relies on the notion that there is a social contract between an organization and the society in which it operates. AGL is Australias leading renewable energy company and is Australias largest private owner, operator and developer of renewable generation assets. It is taking action towards creating a sustainable energy future for our investors, communities and customers. AGLs goal is to invest in cleaner energy forms to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of energy across the supply chain and achieve excellently environmental managementShow MoreRelatedThe Standards Of Behavior Team Energy1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthings right while promoting sustainable development in the country. This resulted to TeaM Energy’s first sustainabili ty report in 2009 which fulfilled the requirement of GRI-G3 guidelines at Application Level C (self-declared). The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a global standard in sustainability reporting and according to the guidelines the report accuracy and veracity of the report must be based on test criteria to assess the reporting organization’s performance. The company has taken partRead MoreCsr And Its Impact On Sustainability1017 Words   |  5 PagesCountless corporations understand the need for CSR and claim to have sustainable strategies in place, but are the strategies real or is it a facade? 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Harvard Business Review quotes ‘These standard values fad swept through corporate world like chicken pox through a kindergarten class.’ To prove them wrong, CBA has took a step ahead and launched a review process called Group s Vision andRead MoreResearch Of Corporate Social Responsibility Report1421 Words   |  6 PagesResearch of Corporate Social Responsibility Report The recent fifteen years saw a dramatic increase of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) report. There were more than 3300 CSR reports in 2008 while the number of 2002 was less than 100. More and more companies especially some multinational corporations among the world are keen to proving the sustainability, in order to improve their corporate image and credibility (Adams, 2002). This essay will explain why there are an increasing number ofRead MoreAccounting Theory Assignment 21710 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Accountancy has always been concerned with mainly the accountability of directors to shareholders and companies to creditors. As companies grow larger and become more integrated with the society, this call for a focus towards sustainability and being accountable to a wider range of stakeholders (Perks, 1993). Corporate Social Responsibility is defined as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations by going beyond complianceRead MoreDevelopment of Triple Bottom Line Reporting and how this will Impact Financial Reporting and the Conceptual Framework2493 Words   |  10 Pagesis relatively hard to be a market leader or keeping an offer above average return for the investors. 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(customerRead MoreCase Study : Starbucks, Inc.1482 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis This paper will examine Starbucks, Inc. CSR and sustainability practices from the viewpoint of a potential socially responsible investor performing due diligence. Two indices will be used to compare and contrast the company s CSR report which measure the CSR practices of corporations; also, the usefulness of these two indices for research purposes will be evaluated, critiquing the credibility and limitations of each index. A report will be formed addressing Starbuck’s CSR performance andRead MoreDoes Sustainability Reporting Improve Corporate Behaviour?: Wrong Question? Right Time?14566 Words   |  59 PagesResearch Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rabr20 Does sustainability reporting improve corporate behaviour?: Wrong question? Right time? Rob Gray a a University of St Andrews Published online: 28 Feb 2012. 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Accounting Theory and Analysis - Essay Example

Essays on Accounting Theory and Analysis - Essay Essay CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CORPORATE FAILURE Introduction Corporate Failure Corporate Governance is a system through which a company is directed and controlled (Tricker and Tricker 2002). It provides guidelines through which an entity can achieve its objective and avoid corporate failure. Normally, all corporate governance codes provide guidelines in many areas such as internal controls, constitution of board, and performance management etc (Fernando 2009). There is no universal definition available for corporate failure, but generally it refers to a situation where an entity ceases to carry its business due to a heavy loss or bankruptcy and etc. filing for bankruptcy, delisting from stock exchange, ceasing to trade for any reason or entering into receivership can be termed as corporate failure (Patrick 2011). Corporate governance guidelines are designed by the experts keeping in mind the causes of corporate failure incidents happened in past so these guidelines would surely be helpful to companies in avoiding future collapses. Guards against Corporate Failure Enhancement of Independence of External Auditors and Partner’s Rotation Corporate Governance requires board of director to take all necessary steps to enhance the independence of the external auditors for the fair and unbiased audit of the financial statements. If the independence is threatened due to any reason than the auditor may fail to provide true and fair view of the financial position of the company (Plessis† 2011). Enron was one of the biggest companies listed in US stock exchange, collapsed in October 2001, due to the fact that the auditor was forced not to report the financial losses in their reports. Arthur Andersen was the auditor of Enron whose independence was threatened due to the fact that a large portion of their revenue was being generated from Enron. In addition to this, Corporate Governance codes require the rotation of the audit partner after certain period of time. In case of Enron the audit partner was not rotated and the result of departure from these guidelines was $20 billion loss to its shareholders due to the fall in Enron share prices from $90 per share to $1 per share, further Arthur Andersen was also collapsed due to this famous scandal (Theodore 2002). Constitution of the Board Corporate Governance code requires the companies to include both executive and non executive directors (NEDs) (Jill 2004). According Australian code of corporate governance the board should be constituted with both executive and non-executive directors. NEDs does not take part in the affair of the company, but they critically analyze the decision made by the executive directors and bring their expertise for the success of the business. In case of non presence of NEDs in the board executive director may take poor strategic decisions. According to Hamilton poor decision making is one of the reason for the corporate failure of the companies in past which can be countered with the inclusion of the Non executive directors in the board. Separation of CEO and Chairman of the Company One of the main reasons for the corporate failure is the use of excessive powers by the executives. In many companies, one person holds both the designation of CEO and Chairman having supreme decision making authority. Due to the seriousness of this fact, corporate governance codes requires chairman and CEO to be different person so that they can be hold responsible for their decisions (Gà ¼ler 1996). For example, if the CEO takes highly risky decision chairman of the board can resist him to risk company’s resources. Acting upon the guideline will surely bring the chances of corporate failure to a low level. Evaluation of Board’s Performance Corporate Governance code requires the company to evaluate the performance of the board after a reasonable time period. Normally, NEDs are responsible to judge the performance of the executive directors (Clarke 2007). It is a good provision of the corporate governance codes and because of it executive director will take careful decision in the best interest of the company. In the absence of this provision it the board of director may take risky decision in order to obtain short term benefits which main ultimately result in loss to shareholders. Agency Theory and Communication with Shareholders Agency theory in corporate governance stresses on the need of two sided control that is; the manger and the owners. This theory assumes that there will be some sort of mistrust between these two groups. In addition to this managers of the business are under the fiduciary duty to act in the best interest of the company and they must report all significant matters to the shareholders to obtain their willingness in taking risky decisions. Corporate governance code also requires the board to communicate with the shareholders on sufficient regularity to bring into their knowledge all the affairs of the company. HIH insurance is another example of the biggest corporate failures in Australia due to the risky practices and miscommunication from the management and eventually it was collapsed in 2001. The company had total assets of $7.8 billion dollars and there were huge debts and insurance claims which reduced the net assets of HIH to only $133 million and ultimately the company was insolvent. The management did not communicate the presence of heavy debts and claims over the assets of the company. Liquidator estimated that HIH demise took place with around $5.3 billion which is the considered to be the worst ever collapse in the Australian history. Effective Internal Control and Financial Reporting System All the corporate governance codes stresses on the need of effective internal control system to avoid fraudulent activities. In some countries like United States the director including CEO are required to report on the appropriateness of the internal control system. Similarly financial reporting system is also one of the most important tools recommended by the corporate governance to control unauthorized transactions (Nate† 2008). In the absence of effective internal control, it is very easy for staff to hide the fraudulent transaction and obtained unfair benefit. The CFO of Enron with the help of the other executives successfully misled audit committee and board with the use of accounting tricks and hide multi billion dollars debts which the company was liable to pay due to project failure. WorldCom is also one of the main victims of the corporate failure due to the financial reporting issues. Due to the downfall in the economy in early 2000, the share price of the WorldCom was declining sharply and the company was under huge pressure from their bank to cover the markup on the loans. This situation continued till 2002 when CEO, Controller and the Director of general accounts used accounting trick to show the better results than actual. Due to this fraud company’s declining financial position was shown as growing and the stock went upwards. The accounting department understated the cost of revenue by around $3.6 billion to increase the revenue; on the other hand revenue was inflated. Conclusion Different aspects of the corporate governance have been discussed above with their benefits. Above mentioned facts show that the corporate governance practices help corporate entities to avoid corporate failures. Different courtiers have different codes for corporate governance, but the essence of all code is to bring transparency in the business and avoid heavy losses to shareholders as in case of Enron and WorldCom. However, it is important to mention that there is a huge cost involve in complying with the requirements of the codes, so the corporate entities must make cost benefit analysis to put this system in place and avoid corporate failure. Bibliography Clarke, Thomas. International Corporate Governance: A Comparative Perspective. New York: Routledge, 2007. Fernando, A. C. Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies and Practices. Delhi, India: Dorling Kidersley Private Limited, 2009. Gà ¼ler, A. Global Perspectives on Corporate Governance and CSR. Burlington: Gower Publishing, 1996. Jill, Solomom. Corporate Governance and Accountability. Chichester: John Wiley Sons, 2004. Nate†, Stephens M. Corporate Governance Quality and Internal Control Reporting Under SOX. Arizina: Proquest, 2008. Patrick, Gaughan A. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Restructurings. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, 2011. Plessis†, Jean Jacques du. Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Theodore, Sterling† F. The Enron Scandal. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc, 2002. Tricker, Bob, and Ian Robert Tricker. Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies and Practices. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

The DaVinci Code Free Essays

The Da Vinci Code is creation of Dan Brown’s mental regime or a fact. It is for the people to decide whether these theories belong to Brown’s imagination or the skeleton of ‘facts’ that supports the book. The early church history just can’t stay out of the news. We will write a custom essay sample on The DaVinci Code or any similar topic only for you Order Now The DaVinci Code contains many more claims about Christianity’s historic origins and theological development. Almost every thing our fathers told about Christ is false. Brown argues a single meeting of bishops in 325, at the city of Nicea in modern-day Turkey. There, church leaders who wanted to consolidate their power base created a divine Christ and an infallible Scripture-both novelties that had never before existed among Christians. One of the key points put forward by Brown as Da Vinci code truth is that the Bible cannot be trusted. Certain portions of the literature that Brown proclaimed as ‘Bible’ do have fallacies. The early books called the Gnostic Gospels often disagree with the inspired gospels of God’s Word. The Da Vinci Code novel involves a conspiracy by the Catholic Church to cover up the â€Å"true† story of Jesus. In the book, the Vatican knows it is living a lie but continues to do so to keep itself in power. The novel has helped generate popular interest in speculation concerning the Holy Grail legend and the role of Mary Magdalene in the history of Christianity. Fans have lauded the book as creative, action-packed and thought-provoking. Critics have attacked it as poorly written, inaccurate and creating confusion between speculation and fact. From a religious point of view, some critics consider it sacrilegious, and decry the many negative implications about the Catholic Church and Opus Dei. Negating any deep rooted belief after 20 centuries is very difficult, if we see the other side of story. It is more difficult for those who have attained certain level in spiritual world through Christianity. It is a matter of debate as who were the gainer-Bishops or society. Christianity is just a path or media to gain spiritualism. It is not important which path you choose to gain spiritualism. Christianity or any religion in the world is for betterment and to provide a clean society. Sanctity of the Bible; Incomplete input gives out a wrong output The Bible’s composition and consolidation may appear a bit too human for the comfort of some Christians; Brown claims â€Å"the Bible did not arrive by fax from heaven† In The Da Vinci Code, Brown apparently adopts Arius as his representative for all pre-Nicene Christianity. In reality, early Christians overwhelmingly worshipped Jesus Christ as their risen Saviour and Lord. Before the church adopted comprehensive doctrinal creeds, early Christian leaders developed a set of instructional summaries of belief, termed the â€Å"Rule† or â€Å"Canon† of Faith, which affirmed this truth. With the Bible playing a central role in Christianity, Brown claims that Constantine commissioned and bankrolled a staff to manipulate existing texts and thereby divinize the human Christ.. But some people may argue; at this stage, it is impossible to collect sufficient input to arrive on any concrete conclusion. It’s a universal fact that none of us has seen Jesus Christ. It is hard to believe unless we witness. We draw a conclusion based on available inputs, which may further have many variables. Bible’s composition and consolidation was necessary to communicate many and into its correct form. Bible draws a line between rights and wrongs, Do’s and Don’ts or in other words it provides a proven track for the people to follow and help them to take their own judgment in day to day life. People are wondering if Brown’s book contains Da Vinci truth. The introductory note of the book says, â€Å"all descriptions of documents and secret rituals are accurate. † Is this a true statement? Is there such a thing as Da Vinci Code truth? So how much of The Da Vinci Code is truth? When asked how much of his book is based on â€Å"reality in terms of things that actually occurred,† author Dan Brown said, â€Å"Absolutely all of it. Although Brown claims that the book is filled with truths, the people must keep in mind that this claim is included in the first paragraphs of a fiction book. Even claims that something is true, when found in a fiction book, are still fiction. If Brown had truly wanted to enlighten the world about his true nature of Jesus and the Catholic Church, he would have done so in a non-fiction setting. Why then did Brown assert in interviews that the information contained within his book was true? Booming of ‘The Da Vinci Code’ and Christianity; A logical analysis The Da Vinci Code proves that some misguided theories never entirely fade away. They just reappear periodically in a different disguise. Brown’s claims resemble those of Arius and his numerous heirs throughout history, who have contradicted the united testimony of the apostles and the early church they built. Those witnesses have always attested that Jesus Christ was and remains God himself. It didn’t take an ancient council to make this true. And the pseudo historical claims of a modern novel can’t make it false. Some Christians have optimistically hoped that The Da Vinci Code might provide a potential opportunity for dialogue and discussion about Jesus with people who might not otherwise be open to such discussions. Booming of Da Vinci code may have many reasons. It may not be wise to correlate its sale to acceptance of the people- for some people it’s a novel, some want to analyze and do the self assessment of their faith and for some it may be of academic interest. Threat to Christianity is beyond imagination. The reason being; the very first question is about existence of God. If the answer is ‘No’ then there may arise millions of questions to which today’s world still in search of an answer. If the answer is ‘Yes’ then there has to be certain rule and requires source and some media to communicate. Unless, the source is either ‘Supernatural’ or ‘Super human’, it is hard for the people to rely on it. We find Jesus Christ exactly fits into this place. Therefore The Da Vinci code can never ever be a threat to Christianity. References 1) Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code; Doubleday (USA); 2003 2) The Da Vinci Code, Special Illustrated Edition, Doubleday; November 2, 2004, How to cite The DaVinci Code, Papers

Pathophysiology Research-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Research each of the following diseases for the Pathophysiology Risk factor Sign symptoms Physical assessment findings Nursing interventions Diagnostic test Teaching Patient information Answer: Pathophysiology Research 1.Pathophysiology Hypertension is the persistent elevation of the Blood Pressure (HP), which at the end causes damage to organs leading to morbidity and mortality. HP is the creation of a regular vascular resistance and cardiac output. In this case, individuals with hypertension can have an increase in vascular resistance, increase in cardiac output or both (Savoia Touyz, 2017). Risk factor The risk factor of hypertension include Family history Being obese or overweight Age Consuming too much sodium Using tobacco Excessive alcohol consumption Sign symptoms Confusion or fatigue Chest pain Irregular heartbeat Difficult breathing Severe headache Vision problems Physical assessment findings The physical assessment for hypertension include taking of blood pressure readings, measurement of the patients waist, height and weight, the check of the retina, heart examination, assessment of the legs for edema and pulse, and the assessment of the abdomen using stethoscope to check for abnormal sounds (abdominal bruits) (Spiegelman, Forman Missmer, 2017). Nursing interventions The first intervention is to monitor and assess BP. It is important to know the level of the BP in order to determine the mode of treatment. Second, cardiac assessment, this is important to detect any abnormalities like murmurs, which can be presented without the patient exhibiting any symptoms. The third intervention is to promote rest, this is important to avoid blood pressure from rising. Diagnostic test HP is measured using a sphygmomanometer. The sphygmomanometer has two readings, which are taken in (mmHg) . The first, which is the upper number measures the pressure of blood in the arteries when the heart beats and the second reading, which is the lower reading measures the pressure in the arteries amid the beats. Teaching Change of lifestyle can help contain and prevent HP. This means that, despite taking HP medication it is important to eat healthy and exercising more. Patient information Patients should keep a healthy weight or lose weight as it can help control high blood pressure. Cellulitis Pathophysiology Cellulitis is a breach on the skin like a cut, fissure, insect bite, or wound. Also, the breach can be due to bacteria, which invade the skin and gain entry to the dermis where they multiply causing cellutis. The major cases of this condition is by Streptococcus pyogenes (Holy, Kovar, Fundova Astl, 2016). Risk factor Injury Condition of skin Obesity Weak immune system Sign symptoms Tenderness and pain in affected area Inflammation and redness of skin Fever Physical assessment findings The physical assessment focuses on the affected area. The assessment involves the physician checking for warmth, swelling, pain, and erythema. In addition, the physician will conduct wound culture to identify the pathogens and sternness of the infection before determining the nature of treatment (Oppegaard, Kittang, Langeland Skrede, 2016). Nursing interventions The treatment of this condition depends on the antibiotic routine. In this case, the nurse will clean the wound, dress the wound, and design a care plan to prevent further complications. Diagnostic test The color of the skin will be used by the healthcare provider to come up with a diagnosis. in other cases, the healthcare provider can conduct a wound culture or blood tests to determine the cause of the infection Teaching Patients should control their weight, ensure proper control of glycaemia, and avoid any form of injury to the skin. Patient Information All cases of Cellulitis require immediate medical attention and after beginning treatment, it is important for the patient to come back to the hospital if the condition worsens or the antibiotics fail. Pneumonia Pathophysiology Pneumonia is developed when pathogens get their way to the alveoli. This happens when the host defense are beset by microorganisms. The microorganisms are sinusitis, nasal carriers, and tracheal or gastric colonization (Warren, Shioda, Krm Weinberger, 2017). Risk Factor Smoking cigarettes Viral respiratory infections Lung disease Cerebral palsy Weak immune system. Signs and Symptoms Cough Fever Chills Shortness of breath Chest pain Headache Physical assessment findings The physical examination involves the doctor checking the heart rate, the body temperature, breathing, chest pains, and the oxygen levels, this checks are very important for the assessment of suspected pneumonia cases. Nursing interventions First, it is important to provide the patient with soft foods rich in proteins and high calories. Second, the patients ABG levels should be monitored if they are hypoxic. Finally, the patients should be provided with proper medication to ease the symptoms. Diagnostic test Pneumonia is diagnosed through an X- ray, which is done to check k any changes or abnormalities in the lungs . at times, X- rays do not show the infection. However, they are done to identify the organism causing pneumonia (fungal, viral, or bacteria). Teaching If you present the above mentioned symptoms, it is good to visit the hospital for examination as pneumonia can be life threatening. If diagnosed with pneumonia, it is advisable to start taking the medication to clear the infection (Lee, Husain Strek, 2017). Patient Information In cases where the infection is not severe, treatment can be done from home but in extreme cases, hospitalization is necessary. In addition, it is important to take paracetamol to reduce the fever. If the symptoms persist after three days, visit the doctor to check you again. COPD Pathophysiology COPD is an intricate syndrome which comprises of the mucociliary dysfunction, airway inflammation, and changes in the structure of the airway. This condition is cause by an exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke (Apps, Mukherjee, Ateli, 2016). Risk factor Smoking Air pollution Inhaling of Chemicals and dust Genetics Age Sign symptoms Chest tightness Whistling or wheezing when breathing Ongoing cough Cold and many other infections like influenza Physical assessment findings The doctor will conduct a spirometric test to check inappropriateness in breathing, unusual cough, unusual or frequent sputum production, relapse of bronchitis. These physical assessments are important in the diagnostic accuracy. Nursing interventions The first nursing intervention is to provide the patient with medications, which include mucolytic agents, broncodilators, and antibiotics. Antibiotics should be administered on identifying the initial signs like excessive sputum production. Also, the patient should be provide with vaccines to prevent pneumonia and influenza (Pierce, Warner, Croghan, Hoth, 2016) Diagnostic test In diagnosing COPD, the doctor will assess the symptoms, discuss the patients medical and family history, and inquire on any exposure to lung irritant like cigarette smoke. Further, the doctor will conduct tests like X-rays and CT scan to further assess the condition. Teaching One of the primary way to prevent COPD is to avoid exposure to substances that irritate the lungs like tobacco smoke, air pollution, and perfumes. For smokers, it is important to join a support program to help quit smoking. Patient information The first vital step is to stop smoking in order to prevent further complications and progression of the condition. In addition, it is important to follow medication as prescribed by the doctor. CHF Pathophysiology CHF is a syndrome caused by a number of abnormalities like volume and pressure load, muscle disease, loss of muscle or excessive demands like high output failure. In the case of heart failure, the heart muscles reduce contractility leading to a significant reduction on cardiac output (Norhammar, Johansson, Thrainsdottir Rydn, 2017) Risk Factor Hypertension Diabetes Coronary artery disease Obesity Severe emphysema Hyperthyroidism Valvular heart disease Sign symptoms Dyspnea Weakness and fatigue Edema Irregular or rapid heartbeat Persistent cough Sudden gain in weight Nausea and lack of appetite Chest pain Shortness of breath Physical assessment findings Patients who have mild CHF do not exhibit any symptoms of distress but get dyspneic immediately after an activity. Those who have a LV failure experience dyspneic when lying down while those with severe CHF are anxious and show signs of hunger . Nursing interventions The doctor should administer morphine to reduce pain, preload, venous return, and anxiety Diagnostic test The doctor uses the stethoscope to determine unusual or abnormal sounds as the heart beats, which will indicate a narrowed or leaky valve and to check on whether there are any fluids accumulated in the lungs. Teaching In case of any emergency, it is important for the family to call for emergency medical attention in case the patient is at home. Patient information Patient should be educated to identify the signs and symptoms that require immediate medical attention like shortness of breath (Patel, Brown, Ives Stein, 2017) Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 Pathophysiology Diabetes is a metabolic disorder linked to an increased in macrovascular and microvascular illnesses. The disorder is caused when the immune system destroys the insulin beta cells of th pancreas (Talton, Divers, Davis Lawrence, 2016). Risk Factor Genetics Age Family history Lifestyle Signs and symptoms Tiredness and fatigue Blurred vision Thirst Yeast infection Increased urination Physical assessment findings The doctor will check the eyes (the response of the pupil to light), thyroid gland, and blood pressure. Nursing interventions First, the doctor will administer insulin as prescribed. Second, the doctor will treat hypoglycemic reactions, and finally, assist the patient come up with coping strategies. Diagnostic test Diagnosis of diabetes involves blood tests to determine the blood sugar levels. They measure the pct of blood sugar attached to the protein carrying oxygen. Teaching The patients should be given the reasons to the symptoms including the causes of diabetes. Patient Information The patients should be educated on the signs and symptoms of diabetes and how to deal with them. They should also be advised not to omit insulin (Hempler, Mauricio Bruckner, 2016) References Apps, M., Mukherjee,... Ateli, L. (2016). A Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Service Integrating Community And Hospital Services Can Improve Patient Care And Reduce Hospital Stays. InA41. THE SPECTRUM COPD CARE: FROM IDENTIFICATION TO POLICY(pp. A1523-A1523). American Thoracic Society. Holy, R., Kovar, D., Fundova, Astl, J. (2016). Orbital Cellulitis as a Complication of Acute Rhinosinusitis-our Experience with Treatment in Adult Patients.CESKA A SLOVENSKA NEUROLOGIE A NEUROCHIRURGIE,79(6), 698-702. Hempler, N. F., Mauricio, D., Leidig-Bruckner, G. (2016). Advances in Type 1 Diabetes.Advances in Type 1 Diabetes, 335. Lee, C. T., Vij, R., Husain, A. N., Strek, M. E. (2017). A Co-Occurrence Of Interstitial Pneumonia With Autoimmune Features And Usual Interstitial Pneumonia. InA39. AUTOIMMUNE LUNG DISEASE: CASE REPORTS(pp. A1443-A1443). American Thoracic Society. Norhammar, A., Johansson, I., Thrainsdottir, I. S., Rydn, L. (2017). Congestive Heart Failure.Textbook of Diabetes, 659-672. Oppegaard, O., Kittang, Langeland, N., Skrede, S. (2016). Etiology of cellulitis and the validity of new and old methods.Clinical Infectious Diseases,62(7), 954-955. Pierce, Warner, K., Croghan, A., ... Hoth, K. (2016). Carotid artery stiffness is associated with CT-measured lung air-trapping in COPD patients and controls independent of age, blood pressure and smoking history.Artery Research,16, 64. Patel, Brown, D. L., Ives, D. G., Stein, P. K. (2017). Association of Holter-derived heart rate variability parameters with the development of congestive heart failure in the cardiovascular health study.JACC: Heart Failure,5(6), 423-431. Savoia, C., Touyz, R. (2017). Hypertension, diabetes and excess cardiovascular risk-importance of baseline systolic blood pressure.Hypertension. Spiegelman, D., Forman, J. P., Missmer, S. A. (2017). Association Between Endometriosis and Hypercholesterolemia or Hypertension.Hypertension,70(1), 59-65. Talton, J., Divers, J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., ... Lawrence, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing time to case registration for youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.Annals of epidemiology,26(9), 631-637. Warren, J. L., Shioda, K., Krm, Weinberger, D. M. (2017). Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines against pneumonia hospitalizations in high-and low-income sub-populations in Brazil.Clinical Infectious Diseases.

Individual Leadership Simulation Reflection

Question: Discuss about the Individual Leadership Simulation Reflection. Answer: Business Leadership Leadership refers to the art of motivating and influencing people to act or follow a distinct pattern of activity aimed at achieving a common goal. The leadership process involves the roles, tasks, and responsibilities to be undertaken in achieving a goal. As a leader, I use the several skills acquired in resolving conflicts, increasing communication, and shaping culture towards goal achievement. Leadership is a challenging affair which depends on the choice of leadership forms one decides to follow. Academic Journal Findings Positive Leadership: Meaning and Application Across Cultures. The article proposes on the use of positivity in adapting in leadership across a diverse culture. The paper examines the positive elements needed by a leader during challenges and the ways to avoid the challenges towards grasping opportunities in the market. Further, it focuses on the essential theories in leadership such as the contingency approach in affirming the strengths of s leader by appealing to a group under leadership. The article is essential to the study by offering the positive attributes and traits to be adopted by a leader in the personal reflection report. My leadership has been successful judging from the way I have been able to handle individuals and lead the existing group to a common goal. As a leader, I have undergone several challenges but managed to outweigh given the leadership theories I put in practice. In my leadership, I utilize a democratic system of leadership where I factor in opinions and the suggestions presented by members of the group and make decisions based on a thoughtful process rather than an authoritarian system (Bryman, 2013). Considering the opinion of group members leads to easy decision making which allows for a positive perception of the issues deliberated. I believe that leaders are born and carry the traits in them which sprout at different moments. My leadership was innate and always inspired the people to me. I carried myself with integrity and acted ethically without compromise thereby leading to a successful end. At times, it was hard to separate from good people whose ethical lines were warranting, but I had to walk the path to preserve my leadership attributes. At the same time, I utilize the contingency theory which states that effectiveness is related to a leaders traits and behaviors. The theory applies where I use emotional intelligence to accommodate the feelings of others and to put myself in their shoes before acting on issues. In this case, I become non-biased in solving issues where I choose a neutral position and base on facts whenever addressing conflicts (Klenke, 2016). At the same time, I use mediation in solving conflicts where I use the services of a neutral person to listen to both cases and find common ground for the group members to reconcile (Belias Koustelios, 2014). The action represents the attributes of a leader which enable me to carry out my day-to-day activities. The great man theory is equally important in inspiring leadership as it emphasizes on personal charisma, wisdom, and intelligence towards making a change in leadership. As a leader, I believe in the existence of wisdom in deciding during stressful situations and arriving at the correct and unbiased decisions. Leaders with wisdom exercise their authority with integrity based on the ethical guidelines in place (Men Stacks, 2013). Leadership comes with its virtues running along individuals who desire to take the correct path and remain influential. Leaders have well-cut traits which are observable among people in management positions. In promoting ideas and change management, I make everything clear and reassure the group members on the viability of the modification. In so doing, I use the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Model where I first tell of the changes and the expected benefits and how it will shape the overall goal of a group. Afterward, I sell the idea to the group members and explain their new roles in the change while delegating duties to different individuals within the group (Middlehurst, 2015). The use of the theory guarantees a proper trait of leadership free from resistance from the group. Further, I use the same approach in introducing new members to our group towards cultivating a good culture. As a leader, I recognize the role of motivation in boosting employee morale. In this case, I embrace empathy, reward on members and appreciation to recognize their positive contribution. In the end, I can experience improvement from the team where each member remains active and vibrant during work and discussions (White, 2014). The theory of transformational leadership enables me to acquire favor within the members by addressing their concerns and raising a vibrant team. At some point, I sought to determine the views of the individuals on my leadership by deciding to resign from the position and allow another to try the same. The decline on the request indicated a positive feedback from my team who expressed confidence in the direction I was taking them. Therefore, it is evident that the use of proper leadership theories and being accommodative of team welfare is essential towards development in a group. However, I experience some difficulty at some point where I am forced to take action on non-performing individuals which the rules allow for expulsion. The leadership action destroys the team spirit which separates individuals used to a specific system and losing their contributions (Dinh, Lord, Gardner, Meuser, Liden Hu 2014). Therefore, I plan to develop an approach to ensure all team members become effective towards productivity. Proper communication can assist in building confidence by requesting individuals to cooperate and show efforts towards the process. Responsibility as a Team Member Before I became a team leader, I was a member who valued the benefits of cooperation within a team. I was an effective follower playing by the rules of the team towards furthering my contribution. I contributed positively during and out of demand towards achieving group goals. My active participation and research efforts enabled me to rise to the leadership role having caused positive changes to the case. At the time, I used the opportunity of a democratic rule to present my ideas and register my differences while accommodating the concerns of the rest of group members. I managed to learn from others and draw inspiration from those offering a positive contribution towards self-enhancement (Nahavandi, 2016). Further, I created a good rapport with individuals within the team and gained significant acceptance among them. Lessons from the Team Leaders ought to be positive in their reasoning and carrying out tasks involving a team. Most of the students expressed the need to remain objective as a leader and exercise fairness even in the wake of violence. As a leader, I learned and planned to implement the attribute of acting with integrity to demonstrate the aspect of true leadership. According to Avolio, Keng-Highberger, Schaubroeck, Trevino Kozlowski (2016), leaders ought to understand and strengthen the weaknesses of members to pull them to a level playing ground. In this case, I learned how to deal with non-performing members by encouraging them towards contribution. Further, I would encourage them to give their opinion with the hope of getting feedback that can assist in knowing the truth and changing according to the demands. Conclusion Leadership is a choice which has to be deliberated upon by an individual. For instance, there are forms of leadership ranging from the authoritarian to the democratic rule where each has consequences on the end product. In this case, I chose to utilize the democratic rule that accommodates and sets members at liberty to decide on the means for engagement. According to Hendricks (2014), the fact proves the model of leadership and ho the theories can be in cooperated to attain success. The self-assessment on my direction and team player skills enables my to upgrade on my mistakes and explores the opportunities ahead of me. I learned the importance strategic communication in a group and the power of equal inclusion towards fostering teamwork. Therefore, I am convinced beyond doubt that my track record in leadership is active given the feedback and the length of my leadership in the group. References Avolio, B. J., Keng-Highberger, F. T., Schaubroeck, J., Trevino, L. K., Kozlowski, S. W. (2016, January). How Follower Attributes Affect Ratings of Ethical and Transformational Leadership. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2016, No. 1, p. 16854). Academy of Management. Belias, D., Koustelios, A. (2014). Leadership and job satisfactionA review.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,10(8). Bryman, A. (Ed.). (2013).Leadership and organizations. Routledge. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 36-62. Hendricks, J. M. (2014, July). When the Postive Attributes of Leadership Become Harmful: A Pre Post-Test Analysis. InSigma Theta Tau International's 25th International Nursing Research Congress. STTI. Klenke, K. (Ed.). (2016).Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Men, L. R., Stacks, D. W. (2013). The impact of leadership style and employee empowerment on perceived organizational reputation.Journal of Communication Management,17(2), 171-192. Middlehurst, R. (2015). A critical reflection on leadership in higher education.Dimensions of Marketisation in Higher Education, 189. Nahavandi, A. (2016).The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. White, J. V. (2014).Students' application of leadership learning through reflection(Doctoral dissertation, THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY). Youssef-Morgan, C. M., Luthans, F. (2013). Positive leadership: Meaning and application across cultures.